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Введение
Лион расположен в слиянии рек Роны и Сона. Его жители называют Lyonnais.
The city is a geographical crossroads in the country located north of the Rhône corridor that extends from Lyon to Marseille. Positioned between the Massif Central to the west and the Alpine massif to the east Lyon occupies a strategic location for north-south transportation in Europe. As the former capital of Gaul during the Roman Empire it is the seat of an archdiocese whose holder carries the title of Primate of Gaul. Лион стал шумным коммерческим городом и крупным финансовым центром во время Ренессанса. Its economic prosperity was driven at that time by silk production and later by the emergence of industries : textiles, химикаты, and more recently the image industry.
Historically Lyon has been an industrial city. The downstream Rhône valley is home to numerous petrochemical activities. After the decline and closure of the textile industries Lyon gradually refocused on high-tech sectors such as pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. It is also the second-largest student city in France with four universities and several prestigious schools. Additionally the city has preserved significant architectural heritage spanning from Roman times to the 20th century including the districts of : Vieux Lyon, Hill Fourvière, Presqu'ryle, и склоны Croix-Rousse, which are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list.
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Происхождение имени
Древний город Лугдунум состоит из двух галльских слов: Выступить, кельтский Бог, связанный с порядком и справедливостью, и Dunos, значение “крепость” или “холм.” Вместе, они обозначают “Крепость Lug.” Lug - кельтский бог, чей посланник - ворон или ворона. Таким образом, Lugdunum может быть переведен как “холм Бога” или “холм ворон.”
Originally Lugdunum referred to the Fourvière Hill on which the ancient city of Lyon was founded.
Ниже, in the present-day district of Saint-Vincent stood the Gaulish village of Condate : Вероятно, простое урегулирование риверментов или рыбаков, живущих вдоль берегов реки Сона. Condate is a Gaulish word meaning confluence which gave its name to the Confluence neighborhood.
During Roman times the city was called the capital of Gaul. As a legacy of this prestigious title the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as the Primate of Gaul.
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While the area has been inhabited since prehistoric times the first city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC. Under the Roman Empire Lyon became a powerful city and the capital of Roman Gaul. Снижение Римской империи поставило Лиона на вторичную роль в европейском ландшафте из -за его расстояния от центров власти. Later during the division of the Carolingian Empire Lyon found itself as a frontier city. Until the 14th century political power was concentrated in the hands of the archbishop who fiercely protected the autonomy of the city. It was not until 1312-1320 that the consular institution began to balance the archbishop’s power coinciding with Lyon’s definitive integration into the Kingdom of France.
During the Renaissance Lyon experienced significant development and became a major European trading city. However this second golden age was interrupted by the Wars of Religion. Under absolute monarchy Lyon remained a mid-sized French city with its primary wealth derived from the silk industry. The French Revolution devastated the city which opposed the Convention in 1793. Lyon was militarily captured and severely repressed emerging from the revolutionary turmoil greatly weakened.
Napoleon contributed to Lyon’s recovery by supporting the silk industry coinciding with the development of the Jacquard loom. Это ознаменовало начало экономического и промышленного бума, который длился до Первой мировой войны. During the 19th century Lyon was known as a city of silk weavers and witnessed violent worker uprisings in 1831 and 1834. The Belle Époque period marked the end of Lyon’s silk dominance and the rise of various other industries such as automobiles and chemicals. Муниципальное правительство восстановило свои полномочия с Третьей Республикой и приступило к столетию радикализма, который завершился Эдуардом Херриотом в 1957 году. During World War II Lyon as one of the major cities in the Free Zone became a center for resistance networks. Notably Jean Moulin unified them under the United Movements of the Resistance.
After the war Lyon quickly recovered and experienced vigorous urban development with the construction of numerous residential neighborhoods. С сильными отраслями и процветающим третичным сектором,Город зарекомендовал себя как крупный французский и европейский мегаполис.
